Psychedelics are substances (natural or laboratory made) which cause profound changes in a one’s perceptions of reality. While under the influence of hallucinogens, users might hallcuniate visually and auditorily.

This is a commonly used substance with well known effects, but that does not guarantee the substance will be safe. The safety profile has been established based on usage data commonly reported by others.

Disclaimer: Psychedelic drugs offer some of the most powerful and intense psychological experiences. Additionally these substances are illegal in many places. We understand that even though these substances are illegal, their use occurs frequently. We do not condone breaking of the law. By providing accurate information about these substances, we encourage the user to make responsible decisions and practice harm reduction.

Read the full disclaimer here.

Description

LSD Also known as:

  • (+)-LSD
  • (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide
  • (+)-lysergide
  • (8β)-N,N-Diethyl-6-methyl-9,10-didehydroergolin-8-carboxamid[German][ACD/IUPAC Name]
  • (8β)-N,N-Diethyl-6-methyl-9,10-didehydroergoline-8-carboxamide[ACD/IUPAC Name]
  • (8β)-N,N-Diéthyl-6-méthyl-9,10-didéhydroergoline-8-carboxamide[French][ACD/IUPAC Name]
  • 9,10-Didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methylergoline-8b-carboxamide
  • Blotter Acid
  • Blue Acid
  • Blue Cheer
  • Blue Mist
  • Blue Star
  • D-lysergic acid diethylamide
  • Ergoline-8-carboxamide, 9,10-didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methyl-, (8β)-[ACD/Index Name]
  • lisergida[Spanish][INN]
  • LSD
  • Lysergamide, N,N-diethyl-
  • Lysergic acid diethylamide[Wiki]
  • Lysergsaure Diethylamid[German]
  • MFCD00135795[MDL number]
  • N,N-diethyl-(+)-lysergamide
  • N,N-diethyllysergamide
  • лизергид[Russian][INN]
  • ليسيرجيد[Arabic]
  • 麦角二乙胺[Chinese][INN]
  • (4R,7R)-N,N-diethyl-6-methyl-6,11-diazatetracyclo[7.6.1.02,7.012,16]hexadeca-1(16),2,9,12,14-pentaene-4-carboxamide
  • (4R,7R)-N,N-diethyl-6-methyl-6,11-diazatetracyclo[7.6.1.02,7.012,16]hexadeca-1(16),2,9,12,14-pentaene-4-carboxamide
  • (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide
  • (8R)-9,10-didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methylergoline-8-carboxamide
  • (8α)-N,N-Diethyl-6-methyl-9,10-didehydroergoline-8-carboxamide[ACD/IUPAC Name]
  • [3H]LSD
  • [3H]-LSD
  • 4-25-00-00939 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)[Beilstein]
  • 7LD
  • 9,10-Didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methyl-ergoline-8-β-carboxamide
  • Barrels
  • Bart Simpson
  • Bartman
  • Beast
  • Big F
  • Brown Dots
  • California Sunshine
  • Changrolin
  • Cherry To
  • Chief
  • Chocolate Chips
  • Clearlight
  • Coffee
  • Contact Lens
  • Cubes
  • Cupcakes
  • Dextrolysergic acid diethylamide
  • Diethylamid kyseliny lysergove[Czech]
  • D-Lsd
  • D-LSD-25
  • d-Lysergic acid dethylamide
  • D-Lysergic acid N,N-diethylamide
  • Domes
  • Ergoline-8β-carboxamide, 9,10-didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methyl-
  • Ergoline-8-β-carboxamide, 9,10-didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methyl-
  • Fifty
  • Gelatin Chips
  • Greenies
  • Hawk
  • Haze
  • Heavenly Blue
  • Instant Zen
  • Lids
  • Lisergido[Spanish][INN]
  • Lysergamid
  • Lysergate diethylamide
  • Lysergaure diethylamid
  • lysergic acid amide
  • LYSERGIDE-D10
  • Lysergsaeurediaethylamid
  • Lysergsaeurediethylamid
  • Lysergsauerediaethylamid
  • Mean Green
  • Mellow Yellow
  • Microdots
  • N,N-Diethyl-6-methyl-9,10-didehydroergoline-8-carboxamide[ACD/IUPAC Name]
  • N,N-diethyl-D-lysergamide
  • Orange Mushroom
  • Orange Sunshine
  • Orange Wedges
  • Owsley
  • p9,10-Didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methylergoline-8b-carboxamide
  • Paper Acid
  • Pearly gates
  • pSunshine
  • Purple Haze
  • Purple Microdot
  • Royal Blue
  • Scapes
  • Spoonies
  • Strawberry Fields
  • Sugar Lum
  • TABS
  • The Hawk
  • Trippers
  • Ubergluben
  • Wedding bells
  • Wedding Bells Acid
  • Wedges
  • White Light
  • Window Pane
  • Yellows

LSD is a popular psychedelic with a relatively long history of use and research, and as such is known to be relatively safe despite its extremely high potency. It is the archetypical psychedelic to which all others are compared, and remains in popular usage.

Summary

It is considered to be the the best known, most researched, and culturally influential psychedelic substance. It is thought to produce its psychedelic effects by binding to serotonin receptors in the brain, although the precise mechanism is not fully understood. The psychoactive effects of LSD were first discovered in 1943 by Albert Hofmann, a Swiss chemist working for Sandoz Laboratories.

In the 1950s it was distributed by Sandoz under the name Delysid for use as an experimental drug in psychotherapy and scientific research. During this period, LSD generated widespread interest from clinicians, researchers, and intellectuals and was notoriously the subject of a secret investigation by the U. S.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for potential applications in “mind control”. Recreational LSD use became a central part of the 1960s youth counterculture movement which eventually led to its prohibition in 1971. Following a 40 year hiatus, research into the therapeutic applications of LSD has experienced a revival.

It is currently being investigated for the treatment of a number of ailments including alcoholism, addiction, cluster headache, and anxiety associated with terminal illness. LSD remains in widespread illicit use for recreational and spiritual purposes. The lifetime prevalence of LSD use among adults is in the range of 6-8%.

Subjective effects include open and closed-eye visuals, time distortion, enhanced introspection, conceptual thinking, euphoria, and ego loss. LSD is commonly reported to be able to evoke mystical-type experiences that can facilitate self-reflection and personal growth. It is considered by some to be the first modern entheogen, a category which is otherwise limited to traditional plant preparations or extracts.

Unlike other highly prohibited substances, LSD has not been proven to be physiologically toxic or addictive. However, adverse psychological reactions such as severe anxiety, paranoia, delusions, and psychosis are always possible, particularly for those predisposed to psychiatric disorders. As a result, it is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance.

History

However, its psychoactive properties were not discovered until five years later when Hofmann claimed to have accidentally ingested an unknown quantity of the chemical before proceeding to ride his bike home. The first intentional ingestion of LSD occurred on April 19, 1943. Hofmann ingested 250 micrograms (µg) of LSD, believing it would be a threshold dose based on the doses of other ergot alkaloids. Hofmann found the effects to be much stronger than he anticipated and was impressed by its profound mind-altering effects. In 1947, Sandoz introduced LSD to the medical community under the name Delysid as an experimental tool to induce temporary psychotic-like states in normals (“model-psychosis”) and later to enhance psychotherapeutic treatments (“psycholytic” or “psychedelic” therapy). LSD had a major impact in the areas of scientific research and psychiatry. Within 15 years of its release, research on LSD and other hallucinogens generated over 1,000 scientific papers and was prescribed to over 40,000 patients. In the 1950s, the US Central Intelligence Agency began a research program code named MK-ULTRA that would conduct clandestine research investigating LSD for applications in mind control and chemical warfare. Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general public without their knowledge or consent, which resulted in at least one death. In 1963, the Sandoz patents for LSD expired. Several prominent intellectuals, including Aldous Huxley, Timothy Leary, and Al Hubbard began to advocate for the consumption of LSD. LSD became a central part of the youth-driven counterculture of the 1960s. Along with other hallucinogens, LSD was advocated by new proponents of consciousness expansion such as Leary, Huxley, Alan Watts and Arthur Koestler who, according to L. R. Veysey, profoundly influenced the thinking of the new generation of youth. On October 24, 1968, possession of LSD was made illegal in the United States.

The last FDA approved study of LSD in patients ended in 1980, while a study in healthy volunteers was made in the late 1980s. Legally approved and regulated psychiatric use of LSD continued in Switzerland until 1993.

Chemistry

LSD's chemical structure consists of a bicyclic hexahydroindole ring fused to a bicyclic quinoline group (lysergic acid).

At carbon 8 of the quinoline an N,N-diethyl carboxamide is bound.

LSD is additionally substituted at carbon 6 with a methyl group. LSD is a chiral compound with two stereocenters at R5 and R8.

LSD, also called (+)-D-LSD, has an absolute configuration of (5R, 8R).

The three other stereoisomers of LSD do not have psychoactive properties. LSD occurs as a colorless, odorless crystal in its pure form.

LSD is sensitive to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and chlorine (especially in solution).

Its potency may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at cold temperatures around 0°C or below, but will slowly degrade at normal room temperature (25°C).

Common NameLysergic acid diethylamide
Systematic nameLysergic acid diethylamide
FormulaC_{20}H_{25}N_{3}O
SMILESCCN(CC)C(=O)[C@H]1CN([C@@H]2Cc3c[nH]c4c3c(ccc4)C2=C1)C
Std. InChiInChI=1S/C20H25N3O/c1-4-23(5-2)20(24)14-9-16-15-7-6-8-17-19(15)13(11-21-17)10-18(16)22(3)12-14/h6-9,11,14,18,21H,4-5,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,18-/m1/s1
Std. InChiKeyVAYOSLLFUXYJDT-RDTXWAMCSA-N
Avg. Mass323.432 Da
Molecular Weight323.432
Monoisotopic Mass323.199768 Da
Nominal Mass323
ChemSpider ID5558

Become an Exclusive Member For Free

Become a member now, sign up, and get free updates, news articles, and the latest happenings in the Psychedelic World.

Dose Chart

Oral
Light50-100ug
Common100-150ug
Strong175-225ug
Heavy250ug+

Duration Chart

LSD Duration Data
Onset45-90 minutes
Duration9-14 hours
After-effects12-24 hours

Interactions

Caution

  1. Cannabis
    • Cannabis has an unexpectedly strong and somewhat unpredictable synergy with psychedelics.
  2. Amphetamines
    • Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences
  3. Cocaine
    • Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences

Dangerous

  1. Tramadol
    • Tramadol is well known to lower seizure threshold and psychedelics also cause occasional seizures.

Low Synergy

  1. Alcohol
  2. GHB/GBL
  3. Benzodiazepines
  4. MAOIs
  5. SSRIs

No Synergy

  1. Caffeine
  2. Opioids

High Synergy

  1. Mushrooms
  2. DMT
  3. Mescaline
  4. DOx
  5. NBOMes
  6. 2C-x
  7. 2C-T-x
  8. αMT
  9. 5-MeO-xxT
  10. Ketamine
  11. MXE
  12. DXM
  13. PCP
  14. N2O
  15. MDMA

Legal Status

Internationally, the UN 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances requires its parties to prohibit LSD. Hence, it is illegal in all parties to the convention, which includes the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and most of Europe. Medical and scientific research with LSD in humans is permitted under the 1971 UN Convention, although has been reported to be difficult to actually carry out in practice.

  • Austria: LSD is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).
  • Canada: LSD is a Schedule III controlled substance in Canada.
  • Denmark: LSD is a Category A controlled substance in Denmark.
  • Germany: LSD is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule I), former: Opiumgesetz (Opium Act) as of February 25, 1967. It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.
  • Latvia: LSD is a Schedule I controlled substance in Latvia.
  • Portugal: LSD is illegal to produce, sell or trade in Portugal. However since 2001, individuals found in possession of small quantities (up to 500 µg) are considered sick individuals instead of criminals. The substance is confiscated and the suspects may be forced to attend a dissuasion session at the nearest CDT (Commission for the Dissuasion of Drug Addiction) or pay a fine, in most cases.
  • United Kingdom: LSD is a Class A controlled substance in the United Kingdom.
  • United States: LSD is a Schedule I controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. This means it is illegal to manufacture, buy, possess, process, or distribute without a license from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).
  • Sources

    References

    1. Dolder, P. C., Schmid, Y., Haschke, M., Rentsch, K. M., & Liechti, M. E. (2016). Pharmacokinetics and concentration-effect relationship of oral LSD in humans. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 19(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyv072
    2. Nichols, David E. (2016). Barker, Eric L., ed. "Psychedelics". Pharmacological Reviews. 68 (2): 264–355. :10.1124/pr.115.011478.  1521-0081.  0031-6997.
    3. Passie, T.; Halpern, J. H.; Stichtenoth, D. O.; Emrich, H. M.; Hintzen, A. "The Pharmacology of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: A Review" (PDF). CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 14: 295–314. :10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x.  1755-5949.  1755-5930. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 1, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
    4. Schmid, Y.; Enzler, F.; Gasser, P.; Grouzmann, E.; Preller, K. H.; Vollenweider, F. X.; Brenneisen, R.; Müller, F.; Borgwardt, S.; Liechti, M. E. (2015). "Acute Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Subjects". Biological Psychiatry. 78 (8): 544–553. :10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.015.  1873-2402.  0006-3223.
    5. "Joint Hearing before the Select Committee On Intelligence and the Subcommitte On Health And Scientific Research of the Committee On Human Resources: Ninety-fifth congress: First Session" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. August 3, 1977. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
    6. David Nichols (December 22, 2005). "LSD: cultural revolution and medical advances". Chemistry World. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
    7. "Convention On Psychotropic Substances, 1971" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
    8. Lyvers, Michael; Meester, Molly (2012). "Illicit Use of LSD or Psilocybin, but not MDMA or Nonpsychedelic Drugs, is Associated with Mystical Experiences in a Dose-Dependent Manner". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 44 (5): 410–417. :10.1080/02791072.2012.736842.  2159-9777.  0279-1072.
    9. Grof, Stanislav (1993). Realms of the Human Unconscious: Observations from LSD Research. London: Souvenir Press. pp. 13–14.  0-285-64882-9. Archived from the original on January 28, 2011. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
    10. Lüscher, Christian; Ungless, Mark A. (2006). "The Mechanistic Classification of Addictive Drugs". PLOS Medicine. 3 (11). :10.1371/journal.pmed.0030437.  1549-1676.  1549-1277. PMID 17105338.
    11. Strassmann, Rick (1984). "Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 172 (10): 577–595. :10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001.  0022-3018. OCLC 1754691. PMID 6384428.
    12. Hofmann, Albert (1980). LSD - My Problem Child. Translated by Ott, Jonathan. New York: McGraw-Hill.  978-0-07029-325-0. OCLC 6251390.
    13. Nichols, David (May 24, 2003). "Hypothesis on Albert Hofmann's Famous 1943 "Bicycle Day"". at Mindstates IV: Berkeley, CA: Transcription & Editing by Erowid. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
    14. Zentner, Joseph L. (1976). "The Recreational Use of LSD-25 and Drug Prohibition". Journal of Psychedelic Drugs. 8 (4): 299–305. :10.1080/02791072.1976.10471853.  2159-9777.  0279-1072.
    15. Veysey, Laurence R. (1978). The Communal Experience: Anarchist and Mystical Communities in Twentieth-Century America. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 437.  0-226-85458-2.
    16. "Public Law 90-639" (PDF). Erowid. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
    17. Gasser, Peter (1995). "Psycholytic Therapy with MDMA and LSD in Switzerland". Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. MAPS. 5 (3): 3–7. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
    18. Shulgin, Alexander; Shulgin, Ann (1997). "#26. LSD-25". TiHKAL: The Continuation. United States: Transform Press.  0-9630096-9-9. OCLC 38503252.
    19. Carhart-Harris, R. L.; Muthukumaraswamy, S.; Roseman, L.; Kaelen, M.; Droog, W.; Murphy, K.; Tagliazucchi, E.; Schenberg, E. E.; Nest, T.; Orban, C.; Leech, R.; Williams, L. T.; Williams, T. M.; Bolstridge, M.; Sessa, B.; McGonigle, J.; Sereno, M. I.; Nichols, D.; Hellyer, P. J.; Hobden, P.; Evans, J.; Singh, K. D.; Wise, R. G.; Curran, H. V.; Feilding, A.; Nutt, D. J. (2016). "Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (17): 4853–4858. :10.1073/pnas.1518377113.  1091-6490.  0027-8424. OCLC 43473694.
    20. Aghajanian, G. K.; Bing, O. H. (1964). "Persistence Of Lysergic Acid Siethylamide In The Plasma Of Human Subjects". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 5 (5): 611–614. :10.1002/cpt196455611.  1532-6535. PMID 14209776.
    21. Nelson, D. L. (2004). "5-HT5 receptors". Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders. 3 (1): 53–58. :10.2174/1568007043482606.  1568-007X. PMID 14965244.
    22. Moreno, J. L.; Holloway, T.; Albizu, L.; Sealfon, S. C.; González-Maeso, J. (2011). "Metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 receptor is necessary for the pharmacological and behavioral effects induced by hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonists". Neuroscience Letters. 493 (3): 76–79. :10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.046.  0304-3940. OCLC 1874501. PMID 21276828.
    23. Marona-Lewicka, Danuta; Thisted, Ronald A.; Nichols, David E. (2005). "Distinct temporal phases in the behavioral pharmacology of LSD: dopamine D2 receptor-mediated effects in the rat and implications for psychosis". Psychopharmacology. 180 (3): 427–435. :10.1007/s00213-005-2183-9.  1432-2072.  0033-3158. PMID 15723230.
    24. Hanna, Jon; Manning, Tania (2012). "The End of a Chemistry Era...: Dave Nichols Closes Shop". Erowid Extracts. Erowid. 23: 2–7. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
    25. Friedman, Steven A.; Hirsch, Stuart E. (1971). "Extreme Hyperthermia After LSD Ingestion". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 217 (11): 1549–1550. :10.1001/jama.1971.03190110067020.  1538-3598.  0098-7484. OCLC 1124917.
    26. Krebs, T. S.; Johansen, P. Ø. (2012). "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 26 (7): 994–1002. :10.1177/0269881112439253.  1461-7285.  0269-8811. OCLC 19962867. PMID 22406913.
    27. Armstrong, B. D.; Paik, E.; Chhith, S.; Lelievre, V.; Waschek, J. A.; Howard, S. G. (2004). "Potentiation of (DL)‐3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced toxicity by the serotonin 2A receptior partial agonist d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and the protection of same by the serotonin 2A/2C receptor antagonist MDL 11,939". Neuroscience Research Communications. 35 (2): 83–95. :10.1002/nrc.20023.  1520-6769.
    28. Gudelsky, Gary A.; Yamamoto, Bryan; Nash, J. Frank (1994). "Potentiation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced dopamine release and serotonin neurotoxicity by 5-HT2 receptor agonists". European Journal of Pharmacology. 264 (3): 325–330. :10.1016/0014-2999(94)90669-6.  1879-0712.  0014-2999. OCLC 01568459.
    29. Capela, J. P.; Fernandes, E.; Remião, F.; Bastos, M. L.; Meisel, A.; Carvalho, F. (2007). "Ecstasy induces apoptosis via 5-HT2A-receptor stimulation in cortical neurons". NeuroToxicology. 28 (4): 868–875. :10.1016/j.neuro.2007.04.005.  0161-813X. PMID 17572501.
    30. Greiner, Theodore; Burch, Neil R.; Edelberg, Robert (1958). "Psychopathology and Psychophysiology of Minimal LSD-25 Dosage: A Preliminary Dosage-Response Spectrum". A.M.A. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. 79 (2): 208–210. :10.1001/archneurpsyc.1958.02340020088016.  0096-6886. OCLC 994501808. PMID 13497365.
    31. Jim Newton (July 27, 1992). "Long LSD Prison Terms--It's All in the Packaging : Drugs: Law can mean decades in prison for minuscule amounts. DEA official says no change is needed". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
    32. Erowid. "25I-NBOMe (2C-I-NBOMe) Fatalities / Deaths". Erowid. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
    33. Hastings, Deborah (May 6, 2013). "New drug N-bomb hits the street, terrifying parents, troubling cops". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
    34. Feehan, Conor (January 21, 2016). "Powerful N-Bomb drug - responsible for spate of deaths internationally - responsible for hospitalisation of six in Cork". Irish Independent. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
    35. Iversen, Les (May 29, 2013). "Temporary Class Drug Order Report on 5-6APB and NBOMe compounds" (PDF). Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. Gov.Uk. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
    36. Maclean, J. R.; Macdonald, D. C.; Odgen, F.; Wilby, E. (1967). "LSD-25 and Mescaline as Therapeutic Adjuvants: Experience from a Seven Year Study". In Abramson, H. A. The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism (PDF). New York: Bobbs-Merrill. pp. 74–80. OCLC 302168.
    37. Hoffer, A. (1967). "A Program for the Treatment of Alcoholism: LSD, Malvaria and Nicotinic Acid". In Abramson, H. A. The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism (PDF). New York: Bobbs-Merrill. pp. 353–402. OCLC 302168.
    38. Mangini, Mariavittoria (1998). "Treatment of Alcoholism Using Psychedelic Drugs: A Review of the Program of Research". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 30 (4): 381–418. :10.1080/02791072.1998.10399714.  2159-9777.  0279-1072.
    39. Kast, Eric (1967). "Attenuation of anticipation: A therapeutic use of lysergic acid diethylamide". Psychiatric Quarterly. 41 (4): 646–657. :10.1007/BF01575629.  1573-6709.  0033-2720. OCLC 01715671.
    40. Sewell, R. A.; Halpern, J. H.; Pope, H. G. (2006). "Response of cluster headache to psilocybin and LSD". Neurology. 66 (12): 1920–1922. :10.1212/01.wnl.0000219761.05466.43.  1526-632X.  0028-3878. OCLC 960771045.
    41. "LSD and Psilocybin Research: Research into psilocybin and LSD as potential treatments for people with cluster headaches". Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. Archived from the original on January 29, 2007. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
    42. dvp (July 28, 2009). "Psychiater Gasser bricht sein Schweigen" (in German). Basler Zeitung. Archived from the original on September 2, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
    43. David Jay Brown (May 26, 2011). "Landmark Clinical LSD Study Nears Completion". Patch. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
    44. Ly, Calvin; Greb, Alexandra C.; Cameron, Lindsay P.; Wong, Jonathan M.; Barragan, Eden V.; Wilson, Paige C.; Burbach, Kyle F.; Soltanzadeh Zarandi, Sina; Sood, Alexander; Paddy, Michael R.; Duim, Whitney C.; Dennis, Megan Y.; McAllister, A. Kimberley; Ori-McKenney, Kassandra M.; Gray, John A.; Olson, David E. (2018). "Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity". Cell Reports. 23 (11): 3170–3182. :10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022.  2211-1247.
    45. Nutt, D.; King, L. A.; Saulsbury, W.; Blakemore, C. (2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse". Health Policy. 369 (9566): 1047–1053. :10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4.  1872-6054.  0168-8510. OCLC 10960514. PMID 17382831.
    46. Nichols, David E. (2004). "Hallucinogens". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 101 (2): 131–181. :10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002.  1879-016X.  0163-7258. OCLC 04981366.
    47. "Does LSD have any medical uses?". LSD. Drug Science. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
    48. "LSD: Interactions". Erowid. November 18, 2003. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
    49. "wanderlei" (October 3, 2010). "A Nice Little Trip to the Hospital: Lithium & LSD". Erowid Experience Vaults. Erowid. ExpID: 83935. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
    50. "MissDja1a" (December 16, 2008). "Having a Seizure and Passing Out: Lithium & LSD". Erowid Experience Vaults. Erowid. ExpID: 75153. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
    51. "throwaway_naut" (2014). "Please Read: a cautionary tale concerning LSD". r/Psychonaut. Reddit. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
    52. Bonson, Katherine R.; Murphy, Dennis L. (1995). "Alterations in responses to LSD in humans associated with chronic administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors or lithium". Behavioural Brain Research. 73 (1-2): 229–233. :10.1016/0166-4328(96)00102-7.  1872-7549.  0166-4328. OCLC 06183451. PMID 8788508.
    53. "Tripsit Factsheets - LSD". Tripsit. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
    54. Talaie, H.; Panahandeh, R.; Fayaznouri, M. R.; Asadi, Z.; Abdollahi, M. (2009). "Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 5 (2): 63–67. :10.1007/BF03161089.  1937-6995.  1556-9039. OCLC 163567183. PMC 3550327. PMID 19415589.
    55. Fisher, D. D.; Ungerleider, J. T. (1967). "Grand mal seizures following ingestion of LSD". California Medicine. 106 (3): 210–211.  0008-1264. PMC 1502729. PMID 4962683.
    56. "Schedule III". Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (S.C. 1996, c. 19). Government of Canada. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
    57. "Samlet liste over euforiserende stoffer opført på bilag 1 til bekendtgørelsen om euforiserende stoffer nr. 557 af 31. maj 2011 og stoffer reguleret herefter via ændringsbekendtgørelser" (in Danish). Lægemiddelstyrelsen [Danish Medicines Agency]. June 13, 2018. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
    58. "Vierte Verordnung über die den Betäubungsmitteln gleichgestellten Stoffe" (PDF). Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 1967 Teil I Nr. 10 (in German). Bundesanzeiger Verlag. p. 197. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
    59. "Anlage I BtMG" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz [Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection]. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
    60. "§ 29 BtMG" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz [Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection]. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
    61. "Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem" (in Latvian). VSIA Latvijas Vēstnesis. November 10, 2005. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
    62. Glenn Greenwald (April 2, 2009). "Drug Decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for Creating Fair and Successful Drug Policies". White Paper Series. Cato Institute. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
    63. "Part I: Class A Drugs". "Misuse of Drugs Act 1971". UK Government. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
    64. "Controlled Substances: by CSA Schedule" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice. August 21, 2019. p. 5. Retrieved January 7, 2020.

    Resources

    1. American Custom Chemicals Corp API0007621
    2. American Custom Chemicals Corp API0015149
    3. American Custom Chemicals Corp BAR0000900
    4. American Custom Chemicals Corp RDL0008840
    5. American Custom Chemicals Corp RDL0014483
    6. Angene AGN-PC-0OBC5D
    7. Aurora Fine Chemicals K04.154.465
    8. BIND (no longer updated) 109
    9. BindingDB 21342
    10. BindingDB 50241702
    11. BioCyc CPD-14458
    12. ChEBI
    13. ChEBI CHEBI:6605
    14. ChemAdvisor OHS13028
    15. ChemAdvisor OHS13028
    16. ChemAdvisor OHS13028
    17. ChEMBL CHEMBL263881
    18. ChemIDplus 000050373
    19. ChemIDplus 015232630
    20. ChemIDplus 024656415
    21. ChemIDplus 032426576
    22. Collaborative Drug Discovery 47989
    23. CommonChemistry.org 50-37-3
    24. CSDeposition Service DB04829
    25. DiscoveryGate 208570
    26. DiscoveryGate 5761
    27. DrugBank DB04829
    28. DSigDB d4boss_538
    29. DSigDB d4ctd_6228
    30. DSigDB d4ttd_9094
    31. eMolecules 591396
    32. EPA DSSTox DTXCID003231
    33. Erowid LSD
    34. FDA UNII - NLM 8NA5SWF92O
    35. FDA UNII - NLM UNII: 8NA5SWF92O
    36. Finetech Industry FT-0670891
    37. Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 17
    38. IUPHAR-DB 5310
    39. Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 14832
    40. KEGG C07542
    41. LabNetwork LN01287284
    42. Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary 5761
    43. LeadScope LS-64351
    44. LGC Standards LGCAMP1346.00-11
    45. LGC Standards LGCAMP1346.00-13
    46. LGC Standards LGCFOR1346.00
    47. LGC Standards MM1346.00
    48. MassBank JP002800
    49. MassBank WA001253
    50. MassBank WA001254
    51. MassBank WA001255
    52. MassBank WA001256
    53. MassBank WA001257
    54. MMDB 147043
    55. OU Chemical Safety Data (No longer updated) More details
    56. OU Chemical Safety Data (No longer updated) More details
    57. PDB 7LD
    58. PubChem 5761
    59. PubMed 11317225
    60. PubMed 12213075
    61. PubMed 4165370
    62. PubMed 4176897
    63. PubMed 4985239
    64. Royal Society of Chemistry B615669J
    65. Royal Society of Chemistry B906391A
    66. Sabio-RK 9647
    67. Sigma-Aldrich CERILLIAN-L-001
    68. Sigma-Aldrich CERILLIAN-L-005
    69. Sigma-Aldrich L-001
    70. Sigma-Aldrich L-005
    71. Sigma-Aldrich L7007
    72. Sigma-Aldrich SIGMA-L7007
    73. Springer Nature A behavioral and pharmacological analysis of some discriminable properties of d-LSD in rats
    74. Springer Nature A comparison of LSD-25 with (???)-??9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and attempted cross tolerance between LSD and THC
    75. Springer Nature A new device for measuring spontaneous motor activity u2014 Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in rats
    76. Springer Nature Activity of a non-hallucinogenic ergoline derivative, lisuride, in an animal behavior model for hallucinogens
    77. Springer Nature Agonist activity of LSD and lisuride at cloned 5HT2A and 5HT2C receptors
    78. Springer Nature Alterations of consciousness and mystical-type experiences after acute LSD in humans
    79. Springer Nature Alternative Method for Forensic Determination of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Related Compounds in Body Fluids by Liquidu2013Liquid Extraction and HPLC with Fluorescence Detection
    80. Springer Nature An analysis of some perceptual effects of morphine, chlorpromazine, and LSD
    81. Springer Nature Antagonism of a behavioral effect of LSD and lisuride in the cat
    82. Springer Nature Behavioral and neurochemical pharmacology of six psychoactive substituted phenethylamines: mouse locomotion, rat drug discrimination and in vitro receptor and transporter binding and function
    83. Springer Nature Behaviorally induced sensitivity to the discriminable properties of LSD
    84. Springer Nature Comparison of the action of lysergic acid diethylamide and apomorphine on the copulatory response in the female rat
    85. Springer Nature Comparison of the discriminative stimulus effects of dimethyltryptamine with different classes of psychoactive compounds in rats
    86. Springer Nature Complex stimulus properties of LSD: a drug discrimination study with ??2-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists
    87. Springer Nature Cross-tolerance studies of serotonin receptors involved in behavioral effects of LSD in rats
    88. Springer Nature Determination of psilocin, bufotenine, LSD and its metabolites in serum, plasma and urine by SPE-LC-MS/MS
    89. Springer Nature Development and validation of a rapid turboflow LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of LSD and 2-oxo-3-hydroxy LSD in serum and urine samples of emergency toxicological cases
    90. Springer Nature Discriminative stimulus properties of pizotifen maleate (BC105): a putative serotonin antagonist
    91. Springer Nature Dissociation of multiple effects of acute LSD on exploratory behavior in rats by ritanserin and propranolol
    92. Springer Nature Dopamine D4 receptor involvement in the discriminative stimulus effects in rats of LSD, but not the phenethylamine hallucinogen DOI
    93. Springer Nature Drug effects on the repeated generalization of a visual discrimination acquired under one trial per day conditions
    94. Springer Nature Drug-induced stimulus control and the concept of breaking point: LSD and quipazine
    95. Springer Nature Drugs and visual perception: Effects of LSD, morphine and chlorpromazine on accuracy, bias and speed
    96. Springer Nature Early preclinical studies of discriminable sedative and hallucinogenic drug effects
    97. Springer Nature Effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine and related compounds on the isolated heart ofPila globosa (Gastropoda: Mollusca)
    98. Springer Nature Effect of lisuride and LSD on monoamine synthesis after axotomy or reserpine treatment in rat brain
    99. Springer Nature Effect of LSD on mitotic and meiotic plant chromosomes
    100. Springer Nature Effect of LSD-25 on mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of mice and monkeys
    101. Springer Nature Effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on monoamine content in some nuclei of the mesencephalon and hypothalamus
    102. Springer Nature Effect of lysergic acid diethylamide on permeability of the tissue-blood barriers in rats
    103. Springer Nature Effects of Cannabis sativa and lysergic acid diethylamide on a visual discrimination task in pigeons
    104. Springer Nature Effects of dopaminergic and cholinergic drugs, naloxone and l-prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide on LSD-induced catalepsy
    105. Springer Nature Effects of LSD and BOL on the catecholamine synthesis and turnover in various brain regions
    106. Springer Nature Effects of LSD on open field performance in rats
    107. Springer Nature Effects of LSD on the spontaneous and evoked activity of retinal and geniculate ganglion cells
    108. Springer Nature Effects of LSD-25 on avoidance behavior and locomotor activity in mice
    109. Springer Nature Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide on the spontaneous activity and visual receptive fields of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat
    110. Springer Nature Effects of single and multiple dose LSD on endogenous levels of brain tyrosine and catecholamines
    111. Springer Nature Effects on in vitro brain protein synthesis of a translational inhibitor isolated from rabbit brain following intravenous administration of LSD
    112. Springer Nature Evidence of catecholamine mediation in the u2018Aberrantu2019 behaviour induced by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the rat
    113. Springer Nature Generalization of morphine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) stimulus properties to narcotic analgesics
    114. Springer Nature Hallucinogen-induced rotational behavior in rats
    115. Springer Nature Hallucinogenic drug interactions with neurotransmitter receptor binding sites in human cortex
    116. Springer Nature Hallucinogens as discriminative stimuli in animals: LSD, phenethylamines, and tryptamines
    117. Springer Nature Impairment by lysergic acid diethylamide of accuracy in performance of a delayed alternation test in monkeys
    118. Springer Nature Interaction between narcotic antagonist (naloxone) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the rat
    119. Springer Nature Interactions of metergoline with diazepam, quipazine, and hallucinogenic drugs on a conflict behavior in the rat
    120. Springer Nature Involvement of 5-HT2 receptors in the LSD- and L-5-HTP-induced suppression of lordotic behavior in the female rat
    121. Springer Nature LC-ESI-MS/MS on an ion trap for the determination of LSD, iso-LSD, nor-LSD and 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD in blood, urine and vitreous humor
    122. Springer Nature Lisuride and LSD: Dopaminergic and serotonergic interactions in the u201cserotonin syndromeu201d
    123. Springer Nature Long-lasting subjective effects of LSD in normal subjects
    124. Springer Nature LSD and structural analogs: pharmacological evaluation at D1 dopamine receptors
    125. Springer Nature LSD as an agonist at mesolimbic dopamine receptors
    126. Springer Nature LSD but not lisuride disrupts prepulse inhibition in rats by activating the 5-HT2A receptor
    127. Springer Nature LSD enhances suggestibility in healthy volunteers
    128. Springer Nature LSD enhances the emotional response to music
    129. Springer Nature LSD-induced alterations of investigatory responding in rats
    130. Springer Nature LSD-induced alterations of locomotor patterns and exploration in rats
    131. Springer Nature Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as a discriminative cue: Drugs with similar stimulus properties
    132. Springer Nature Lysergic acid diethylamide affects blood flow to specific areas of the conscious rat brain
    133. Springer Nature Lysergic acid diethylamide antagonizes shaking induced in rats by five chemically different compounds
    134. Springer Nature Lysergic acid diethylamide: Evidence for stimulation of pituitary dopamine receptors
    135. Springer Nature Lysergic acid diethylamide: Morphological study of its effect on synapses
    136. Springer Nature Mefloquine and psychotomimetics share neurotransmitter receptor and transporter interactions in vitro
    137. Springer Nature Mescaline and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as discriminative stimuli
    138. Springer Nature Neutralization of LSD by active immunization
    139. Springer Nature Observations on direct and cross tolerance with LSD and d-amphetamine in man
    140. Springer Nature Oxidation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) by peroxidases: a new metabolic pathway
    141. Springer Nature Persistent effects of chronic clozapine on the cellular and behavioral responses to LSD in mice
    142. Springer Nature Plasma creatine phosphokinase levels in rats following lysergic acid diethylamide
    143. Springer Nature Possible involvement of the central dopaminergic system in the antireserpine effect of LSD
    144. Springer Nature Quipazine-induced stimulus control in the rat
    145. Springer Nature Relationships of psychotomimetic to anti-serotonin potencies of congeners of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25)
    146. Springer Nature Responses of the flexor reflex to LSD, tryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, methoxamine, and d-amphetamine in acute and chronic spinal rats
    147. Springer Nature Reversibility of changes in the rat brain due to prolonged administration of lysergide (LSD)
    148. Springer Nature Serotonergic/glutamatergic interactions: the effects of mGlu2/3 receptor ligands in rats trained with LSD and PCP as discriminative stimuli
    149. Springer Nature Serotonin2 receptor agonists and serotonergic anorectic drugs affect ratsu2019 performance differently in a five-choice serial reaction time task
    150. Springer Nature The 5-HT1A receptor and the stimulus effects of LSD in the rat
    151. Springer Nature The effect of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in human subjects tolerant to lysergic acid diethylamide
    152. Springer Nature The effects of LSD in the guinea-pig ileum
    153. Springer Nature The lack of effect of LSD 25 on amygdaloid and cortical attention responses
    154. Springer Nature The role of the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the stimulus effects of hallucinogenic drugs I: Antagonist correlation analysis
    155. Springer Nature The time-dependent stimulus effects of R(-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methamphetamine (DOM): implications for drug-induced stimulus control as a method for the study of hallucinogenic agents
    156. Springer Nature u201eWir begleiten Patienten auf der Reise nach innenu201c
    157. The Merck Index Online cs000000011606
    158. Thieme Chemistry SD-010-00001
    159. Thomson Pharma 00369002
    160. Thomson Pharma 00509391
    161. Thomson Pharma 01384229
    162. Toxin, Toxin-Target Database T3D3582
    163. Wikidata Q23118
    164. Wikipedia LSD
    165. Wikipedia Lysergic_acid_diethylamide
    166. xPharm 8843

    Information made possible with:

    1. PsychonautWiki is a community-driven online encyclopedia that aims to document the field of psychonautics in a comprehensive, scientifically-grounded manner.
    2. Erowid is a non-profit educational & harm-reduction resource with 60 thousand pages of online information about psychoactive drugs
    3. PubChem National Center for Bio Informatics
    4. Chemspider is a free chemical structure database providing fast access to over 34 million structures, properties and associated information.
    5. Wikipedia

    Additional APIs were used to construct this information. Thanks to ChemSpider, NCBI, PubChem etc.

    Data is constantly updated so please check back later to see if there is any more available information on this substance.